God affirms His covenant with ABRAM;
      • changes his name to ABRAHAM;
      • commands the Egyptian custom of male puberty-circumcision (as previously witnessed by ABRAM in Egypt, c.2089 BC, for it was unknown in Ur) as his covenant-sign of the Promised Land for each boy-child on the eighth day after his birth; and,
      • SARAH's name is changed (Gen.17).

(Jn.8:56), accompanied by two angels, visits Abraham (Gen.18) –

intercedes for mercy on these Amorite cities where his nephew LOT lives in Sodom in the plain of Siddim south of the Dead/Salt Sea. (Gen.18:20-33).
God destroys Sodom and Gomorrah (by a tectonic shift which ignites tar/bitumin-pits and rains fire upon the cities) after the two angels, who had accompanied the Lord's visit to Abraham, rescue LOT and his daughters. (Gen.19).

moves to Gerar and deceives its king about SARAH his half-sister (Gen.20).

ISAAC is born to ABRAHAM, at age 100 (Gen.21:5), and to SARAH, at age 90.

ABRAHAM sends HAGAR and ISHMAEL away from Beersheba, and makes a covenant with ABI-MELECH king of Gerar (Gen.21)

ABRAHAM takes teenage ISAAC (about 15-years-old) from Beersheba to the mountains of Moriah, near Salem, to offer him in human-sacrifice (Gen.22:2). (See: The 'Three Days Of Pain' given to re-focus Abraham's faith beyond the horizon of his understanding).

SARAH dies, aged 127 (Gen.23) and is buried in the cave of Machpela at Hebron. (see 1968 AD )
Sumerian empire weakens under Amorite attacks.

TERAH (ABRAHAM's father, ISAAC's grandfather) would now have died without mention, if the Jewish Massoretic text of Genesis (our Bible) was correct. (See: Abrahamic Ancestry Table).

ISAAC age 40 marries REBEKAH (Gen.24; 25:20).
ABRAHAM marries KETURAH and fathers six more sons (Gen.25:1-4).

In Sumer – Ur (ABRAHAM's birth-city) is captured and plundered by the Elamites.

REBEKAH gives birth to JACOB and ESAU (Gen.25:26).

In Sumer – The Gutians destroy Ur.

AMENEMHAT I establishes his rule over Egypt and begins their Twelfth Dynasty.

ABRAHAM dies, age 175 (Gen.25:7).
ISAAC settles in Gerar and then in Beersheba because of famine (Gen.26).

SESOSTRIS I (SENUSRET/SENWOSRET) becomes pharaoh of all Egypt.

ESAU marries two Hittite wives (unbelievers) to the grief of his parents (Gen.26:34).

(H)EBER, patronymic ancestor of the Hebrews dies.

The arid period of severe periodic famines, which began from c.2180, now ends.
Babylonians solve quadratic equations.

ISHMAEL dies, age 137, leaving 12 sons (as God had promised Abraham, see margin) and their Arab descendants. (Gen.25:12-18).

In Egypt – The 12th Dynasty of begins.

In Egypt – AMENEMHAT II becomes pharaoh of Egypt.

In Canaan/Palestine – JACOB is sent by his parents to marry a daughter of his mother's brother, LABAN, for religious reasons (Gen.28:1-2).
God meets with him in his night of insecurity at Bethel/Luz.
In Haran, northern Syria – JACOB falls in love with RACHEL.
In Canaan/Palestine – ESAU marries ISHMAEL's daughter (a believer) to impress his parents (Gen.28,29).

In Haran, northern Syria – JACOB marries LEAH unknowingly,
and RACHEL (but cannot yet take her as wife, he must work another 7 years).
LEAH's son, REUBEN, born within the year.

Birth of LEVI, third son of JACOB and LEAH.

RACHEL gives birth to JOSEPH her first-born.

JACOB flees from Haran with his family and flocks (Gen.31:41).

Depressed after hearing of ESAU's threat, he wrestles with the LORD and his name is changed to ISRAEL for not giving-up (Gen.32).

JACOB travels on, and buys land and settles at Shechem in Canaan/Palestine (Gen.33).
LEVI and SIMEON massacre all the males of Shechem without warning, loot the city and take the women and children (Gen.34).
JACOB moves to Bethel in reaction.

JACOB moves to Mamre near Hebron to see his father ISAAC, but RACHEL dies en route, giving birth to BENJAMIN (Gen.35).

JOSEPH, age 17, is sold by his brothers, and resold to POTIPHAR in Egypt.

In Mesopotamia – Amorite SUMU-ABUM establishes the first Babylonian dynasty declaring independence from the neighboring city-state of Kazallu.(See 1595 BC/BCE).

In Canaan/Palestine – ISAAC dies age 180; JACOB and ESAU meet at his funeral (Gen.35).

In Egypt – JOSEPH, age 30, becomes vizier to pharaoh AMENEMHAT II, and marries ASENATH, daughter of POTIPHERA, the priest of On (Heliopolis/Annu/Iunu) (Gen.41).

Drought begins throughout North Africa and the Middle East.
THE NILE DOES NOT RISE FOR SEVEN YEARS!

Pharaoh SENUSRET II (SESOSTRIS/SENWOSRET) son of AMENEMHAT II rules Egypt.

Spring: In Canaan/Palestine – after another winter of no rain. God confirms His Abrahamic-covenant as Jacob sets out to migrate to Egypt (Gen.46:2-4).
Abib 15: JACOB and his family (with their Canaanite wives and servants) arrive in Egypt and settle in Goshen within the Delta.

In Egypt – Pharaoh AMENEMHAT II dies and is buried under his brick pyramid at Dahshur.

In Egypt – SENUSRET II, who promoted JOSEPH, dies and is buried at Lahun in the Fayyum, his son SENUSRET III rules Egypt.
The famine continues –

In Egypt – Month 8, Day 16 (Egyptian): Helical rising of the star Sirius begins the Sothic cycle of 1460 years.

The Great Famine ends with the Egyptian administration restructured over three regions, and the people grouped into cities, under the vizier JOSEPH (Gen.47:20-26).

JACOB dies aged 147, is embalmed in Egypt, and buried in the family tomb at 'Hebron' after a great ceremonial funeral in Canaan with the Egyptian nobles and Government leaders attending (Gen.50:7).

In Egypt – SENUSRET III dies.

In Egypt – AMENEMHAT III becomes pharaoh.

In Cyprus – An earthquake destroys the large bronze-age perfume factory at Pyrgos (near modern Limassol), interrupting its perfume export trade.
In Mesopotamia – Amorite SUMU-ABUM makes Babylon his capital and the city-states of Isin, Larsa, and later Assur, come under Amorite influence.

A period of exceptionally high Nile floods begins, continuing until c.1780 BC/BCE.

In Sippar, Akkad, Mesopotamia – An Old Babylonian loan document (clay tablet left) shows a profit-making loan-industry run by the temple of their god Shamash.
It reads as follows:

In Syria – The kingdom of Mari is later annexed by Amorite king SHAMSHI-ADAD (1813-1781).

In Egypt – AMENEMHAT III dies, AMENEMHAT IV becomes pharaoh.

In Egypt – JOSEPH dies and is embalmed in Egypt aged 110, but is not buried (Gen.50:26).

In Mesopotamia – The first Amorite king of Mari, YAHDUN-LIM, creates a kingdom stretching as far as Haran and beyond.

In Egypt – AMENEMHAT IV, who knew JOSEPH, dies, Queen SOBEKNEFERU reigns as pharaoh.

In Babylon – HAMURABI becomes king after the death of his father Sin-Muballit. He publishes a code of 282 laws on 12 stone tablets in the Akkadian language of Babylon (See '12' in margin above).

In Egypt – The Hyksos invade and gain control of the Nile Delta, causing many Egyptians to migrate southwards.

In Mesopotamia – King ZIMRI-LIM (his wife – Queen SHIBTU bore him twins) builds a remarkable palace at Mari to which potentates of the East travel to marvel at its splendour.

In Mesopotamia – HAMURABI of Babylon now controls the whole of the lower Mesopotamian plain.

HAMMURABI of Babylon dies and his son Samsu-iluna becomes king.

In Egypt – Egyptian Thirteenth Dynasty collapses.

Hittite civilization in Anatolia begins spreading southward toward Syria.

Eastern Mediterranean – The Minoan holy island 'Thera' north of Crete explodes, causing a huge tsunami/tidal wave and helping the complete collapse of Minoan civilization. (Caphtor=Crete, origin of the Philistines, Am.9:7, after whom Palestine is later named).

In Egypt – The Second Intermediate Period (between the MIddle Kingdom and New Kingdom), in which pharonic Egypt is trapped between the Hyksos Asian invaders in the north and the Nubian kingdom in the south.

In Germany – The bronze age sun-disk (Nebra disk) is made, reflecting the midsummer and midwinter solstices (82° separation), the Pleiades constellation (agricultural marker) and the solar-boat.

In Mesopotamia – The Hittites from Asia-Minor/Anatolia (under MURSILLI I) sack Babylon (see 1894BC) ending the Hammurabi dynasty (they adopt the Babylonian cuneiform script and culture), but it is later taken over by the invading Kassites.

Egypt ejects the Hyksos (mainly Semitic) after bloody fighting, and residual hostility destroys the remaining Egyptian favour toward JOSEPH's people (Israel).
Egyptian animosity begins to grow toward their (Semitic) Hebrews as they multiply.

In Egypt – The 18th Dynasty of Pharaohs begins.

MOSES is born.

"By faith Moses, when he was born, was hidden for three months by his parents,  because they saw that the child was beautiful, and they were not afraid of the king's edict."

'Faith' in God was necessary, for their action in not yielding to the government-edict put the lives of their two older children at grave risk.

He is nursed by his mother, JOCHABED, at palace expense, and at puberty ("when the child grew up") he is formally adopted and named, probably by head-strong but compassionate princess MAATKARE HATSHEPSUT-KHENMETAMUN (daughter of Pharaoh THUTMOSE I and Queen AHMOSE, i.e. 100% royal) (Exodus 2:1-10).
The Princesses' personal adoption of a Hebrew baby was a defiance of her father's public policy, but this character-attribute accords well with what we know of HATSHEPSUT.

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