In Prussia – Jews are excluded from teaching-posts in universities and schools unless they convert to Christianity.

In Jerusalem – MUSTAFA PASHA of Damascus raises taxes to ten times their former rate. Troops are sent from Damascus to quell the resultant uprising. On their departure the Ottoman garrison is expelled and all non-Muslims are driven from Jerusalem.
ABDALLAH PASHA, Ottoman governor of Sidon, besieges Jerusalem for a week with 2000 troops and 7 cannons and continuous bombard from the Mount of Olives. However, the Ottoman Turks agree to return taxes to their earlier level and that all officials in Jerusalem shall be Arabs.

Leviticus 25.

December 4: Widow burning (suttee) is banned in British India.

In England – IRVING, DRUMMOND, and J.N. DARBY develop the pre-Tribulation Rapture theory which separates between Christ's return for His church and His return to Israel. DARBY promotes the doctrine as part of a dispensational interpretation of history. Through the Bible notes of lawyer, Dr. C.I. SCOFIELD, the teaching spreads among Christians to become dominant in many evangelical circles.

November: IBRAHIM PASHA conquers Palestine and Jerusalem for MUHAMMAD 'ALI of Egypt, resulting in nine years of equality with Muslims before the law for Jews and Christians.

July 29: In London – The British Parliament passes the Slavery Abolition Act (the slave trade was outlawed in 1807) outlawing the holding of slaves within the British Empire.

In Jerusalem – Many Christian monasteries are damaged by an earthquake.
The whole of Palestine revolts and for five days mobs of Muslims rampage in Jerusalem against Jews and Christians, but the rebellion is crushed by Egypt.

June 7: ALOIS (ADOLPH HITLER's father) is born illegitimately, to the 19 year old Jewish FRANKENBERGER of Graz, by his father's ex-employee, their 42-year-old sewing-maid (MARIA SCHICKELGRUBER, HITLER's paternal grandmother). (See 1876).
In Britain – Jewish Christian, BENJAMIN DISRAELI, is elected as Member of Parliament, serving as Prime Minister for a few months in 1868, and again from 1874-1880.

In Palestine – American archaeologist EDWARD ROBINSON visits Jerusalem and crawls through the water tunnel built by HEZEKIAH. (His "Biblical Researches in Palestine" is published in 1841).
July: In Trieste, Italy – Jews are described in the fascist manifesto as – "a separate and inassimilable race."

September: The London Society for Promoting Christianity Among the Jews (known as the 'London Jews Society') is given permission to work in Jerusalem.
In Paris – A majority of Jews in the city are foreign born.
In Palestine – French photographer, FESQUET, begins to photograph the Holy Land.

In Syria – Roman Catholic Franciscans of Damascus initiate anti-Jewish pogroms in the city.

In France – The first Jewish deputies are elected to the legislature.

In Jerusalem – A Jewish clinic is set up by British Jewish philanthropist Sir MOSES MONTEFIORE, and the Christian "London Jews Society" establishes a hospital offering free medicine on the borders of the Jewish Quarter.
May 21: In Jerusalem – Three Jews are baptized into the Christian Church in a Hebrew ceremony at the Hebrew Christ Church next door to the British Consulate.
October 13: In New York – Twelve American Jews meet in a café to found B'nai B'rith for the welfare relief of needy Jews.

October 22: American Adventists' predicted Return of CHRIST fails.
In France – ALPHONSE DE TOUSSENEL publishes his very successful book Les Juifs, Rois de l'Époque to denounce Jewish bankers, especially the ROTHSCHILDS, and Jewish railway builders. This view undoubtedly influenced KARL MARX.

France – KARL MARX (a Jew) blames the Jew for corrupting the world –

In France – virulently anti-Jewish writer, PIERRE-JOSEPH PROUDHON, concludes a diatribe against them with –

England – CHARLES DARWIN drafts his theory of Evolution in an essay. A theory which later in Germany is used to justify the application of animal-husbandry principles to human life.

Russia – Jewish MOSHKO, the maternal great-grandfather of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin of the 1918 Russian Bolshevik revolution, converts to the Russian Orthodox Church.

In France – Juridical inferiority of Jews is ended when the Cour de Cassation ends the more judaïco, which required Jewish defendants and witnesses to take an oath in a synagogue.

In Ottoman Palestine – A violent brawl between Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox clergy in the Nativity Church (Bethlehem) leads to political dispute between France (for the Catholic clergy) and Russia (for the Orthodox clergy) over 'protection' of the holy places. In the face of Russian demands to exercise supervision over the Orthodox Church subjects of the Ottoman rulers, Britain supports the the Ottoman Turks.
(War breaks out in Crimea between the parties from 1853-56, costing the lives of about 500,000 men).

In Vienna, Austria – The Jewish population of the city reaches 4,000. Many Jewish intellectuals joined the revolutionary forces (consisting mostly of liberal students and nationalists). The “Pillersdorf constitution” grants full civil rights and religious freedom to all religious groups of the Empire including Jews. A number of Jews were elected to the Parliament, the Jewish tax is removed, as are the restrictive marriage laws.

In Britain – Cholera outbreaks occur.

September: In Cape Town, South Africa – JOHN FAIRBAIRN (Fairburn) through his newspaper motivates the city's residents to oppose by total boycott the British government's decision to establish a penal colony for 'ticket-of-leave' (on parole) convicts at the Cape. He is particularly moved by a Christian concern for its possible effect on the Cape's indigenous Koikoi population. The British colonial office maintains that the prisoners are Irish peasants driven to crime by famine and are unlikely to repeat their crimes in a new environment. In spite of harrassment and intimidation from the Cape governor (Sir Harry Smith), with the help of the citizens he succeeds and the British convict ship Neptune with 286 prisoners is forced to sail on to Tasmania (Van Diemen's Land).

In Palestine – FELICIEN DE SAULCY claims that the 1st century 'Tomb of the Kings', built by the Queen of Adiabene is the Tomb of David and the Kings of Judah, without any attempt at proof, in order to cast doubt on Protestant speculations. (see 1863).
In Germany – RICHARD WAGNER in his polemic 'Jewry in Music' claims that Jews are unable to master German.

In Palestine – American engineer JAMES BARCLAY visits Jerusalem to advise its Ottoman rulers on the preservation of the Mamluk madâris. At the Western Wall he discovers the huge lintel stone of one of the gates of HEROD's Temple. (Now known as 'Barclay's Gate').

In Palestine – EDWARD ROBINSON visits Jerusalem and excavates an arch that once supported the entrance bridge to the Temple over the Tyropoeon Valley (see 1838). (Now known as 'Robinson's Arch').

In Jerusalem – The Misgav Ladach Hospital is established by the ROTHCHILDS.

In Palestine – The Ottoman Sultan, in recognition of Britain's part in the Crimean War, allows Sir MOSES MONTEFIORE to ascend the Temple Mount (Haram) in Jerusalem, carried in a sedan chair (lest his feet touch forbidden areas) while he recites Psalm 121.
Britain also insists that Jews be allowed to extend the Hurva Synagogue in Jerusalem.

In Palestine – Sir MOSES MONTEFIORE builds houses for impoverished Jewish families in West Jerusalem.

June 5: In the North Atlantic – A tsunami strikes the British Isles, French, Danish, Dutch and German coasts, simultaneously moving east through the English Channel and southward through the North Sea.

June 23: In Bologna, Italy – Six-year-old Jewish boy, EDGUARDO MORTARA, is abducted from his family home by police of the papal states and placed under the care of the Catholic Church in Rome to be raised accordingly, because five years earlier a Catholic servant had baptized the child when she thought he was dying. 
In spite of a general outcry against the abduction Pope PIUS IX refuses to give way and the boy remains in Catholic hands (see 1860, France).
July 23: In Britain – The British Oath of Allegiance is modified to allow Jews to sit in Parliament.
July 26: The 'emancipation' of British Jews, and Jewish Lord Rothchild takes his seat in the House of Lords, but never speaks. (See 1874).
In Vienna, Austria – The synagogue of Vienna is built, one of the most elaborate in Europe.

In France – The unredressed outrage over EDGUARDO MORTARA (see 1858) leads directly to the formation of the French Alliance Israelite Universelle, by ADOLPHE CRÉMIEUX, –

to 'reconcile Judaism with the modern world' and to 'defend the civil rights and religious freedom of the Jews'.

Through its influential school system and its commitment to the 1789 humanitarian principles the Alliance does much to extend French humanism nationally and internationally.

Jewish Communist MOSES HESS anticipates the future rise of Jewish ethnic-nationalism in his 'Rome and Jerusalem'.
In the Grand Duchy of Baden, Germany – Jews enjoy full equal rights from this year.

December 17: In southern US – Union general ULYSSES S GRANT orders the expulsion of all Jews from the territory under his command in the South.

In Palestine – Jerusalem's first municipal council (baladiyya al-quds) is formed consisting of 6 Muslims, 2 Christians, and 1 Jew, elected every four years. (Jewish quota is raised to 2 in 1908).
DE SAULCY returns to Jerusalem to continue his excavations at the so-called 'Tomb of the Kings' and encounters angry protests from Jews and Arabs over desecration of ancestral graves. (see 1850).

June: In Palestine – With permission of the Turkish governor of the city, British army captain CHARLES WILSON completes his detailed survey of Jerusalem, which leads to the founding of the Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF) for archaeological research with a lecture room at Jaffa Gate.

February: CHARLES WARREN, of the British Royal Engineers, arrives in Jerusalem. To circumvent prohibition on excavating Temple Mount (Haram) he rents private land on its southern border and sinks shafts and underground passages to Temple Mount. He discovers the Jebusite water conduit to the ancient Gihon spring (henceforth known as 'Warren's Shaft') referred to in 2 Samuel 5:8.
MARK TWAIN, when visiting Palestine writes –

KARL MARX publishes 'Das Kapital'.
In Austro-Hungarian Empire – Jews are granted full civil rights. Vienna is the city in the Habsburg Empire with the largest Jewish population.

The Moabite memorial stone is discovered in Jordan confirming the war of Israel with King MESHA of Moab described in 2 Kings 1:1; 3:4-27.

In France – GOUGENOT DES MOUSSEAUX publishes his virulently anti-Semitic Le Juif, Le Judäisme et La Judäisation des Peuples Chrétiens.
July 3: In the North German Confederation – BISMARCK issues a law concerning the full equality of religion in all civic and state matters, which effectively includes Jewish equality, (After the Empire is procalimed in 1871 this law applies in all Germany).

In Prussia – About 12,000 Jews are allowed to participate as full citizens in the Franco-Prussian War.
October: Algerian Jews (about 35,000) are at last granted citizenship by French Minister of Justice ADOLPHE CRÉMIEUX.
In Jerusalem – The Austrian Emperor visits and is greeted in great admiration by its Jewish population there. The Emperor establishes a fund for aimed at financing the establishment of Jewish institutions and the established the Talmudic school for rabbis in Budapest.

In Odessa, Russia – Greek merchants instigate a pogrom by the authorities against Jews.
In Germany – Proclamation of Empire. In the rest of this decade the newly founded empire is disturbed by financial scandals involving Jews and by Jewish immigration from across the Polish frontier. (See 1879).
In Berlin, Germany – Professor of history HEINRICH VON TREITSCHKE (Prussian patriot of Saxon origin) initiates nationalist anti-Semitism with his speeches in Parliament (1871-1874) and in his publications, describing the Jew as hating democratic ideas and the ringleader of social democracy.
Jews in Germany are about 600,000.
In England – CHARLES DARWIN elaborates his theory of Evolution in his 'Descent of Man'.
FRANCIS GALTON, cousin of CHARLES DARWIN, coins the term and develops the concept of Eugenics (the control of human society by biology). (See 1929, In Germany).

In Jerusalem – Orthodox Arab Christians start to campaign against their religious domination by Greeks. (see 1882).

In Vienna, Austria – At the Vienna World Fair, Christian archaeologist CONRAD SCHICK displays a detailed scale model of Jerusalem's Temple Mount four meters long and three meters wide. (It eventually finds its way to the St. Chrischona mission near Basel, Switzerland, where it remains for 138 years, before being bought in 2012 by Christ Church, near Jaffa Gate in Jeruslaem).
Stock market crash in Germany and Austria.

In Palestine – Construction of Mea She'arim neighbourhood in Jerusalem begins.
In England – Benjamin Disraeli becomes Prime Minister.

In Austria – ALOIS' parish birth record (HITLER's father) at Dollersheim is amended by the false testimony of his deceased foster-father's brother (HIKLER) to secure a career advantage for ALOIS. (See Hitler's Jewish Ancestry)
Later, ALOIS changes his surname to HITLER. (See 1837).

February 8: In Vienna, Austria – Jewish philosopher MARTIN BUBER is born.
Secular Jew, THEODOR HERZL (Binyamin Ze'ev Herzl), the founder of modern Zionism, begins studying law at the university.

In Canada – Sir John Macdonald's government decides to set up church-run boarding/residential schools in order to remove native children from their homes and families to begin assimilating them into white culture (thereby destroying their cultural identity and permanently damaging their self-esteem).
September: In Hamburg, Germany – Anarchist WILHELM MARR founds the Anti-Semitic League.
November: Prussian historian HEINRICH VON TREITSCHKE describes Jews, in an essay, as an alien and disruptive element in Germany, claiming that many people were complaining – 'the Jews are our misfortune'. (See 1871 In Germany).
Berlin court preacher ADOLF STOEKER persuades his Christian Socialist Workers' Party to adopt an anti-Semitic platform.

In Jerusalem – Ashkenazim are about 6,600, and the Sephardic and Oriental Jews number about 7,200.

In Russia – Jewry comes under continuing attacks and confiscations resulting in a westward move of an average of 50,000–60,000 Jews per year until 1911. (See 1881).
In Germany – German intellectuals' glorification of German culture becomes Germanism. In the words of MEINECKE (1862-1954) –

This climate of mind eventually leads unquestioningly into two destructive World Wars.

In Russia – The assassination of tzar ALEXANDER II is followed by the cruel suppression of the Jewish community.

In Germany – The first International Anti-Jewish Congress meets in Dresden.

Jerusalem – Orthodox Arab Christians found the Orthodox Palestine Society to fight against foreign control of their religion. (see 1872).
The first Yemenite Jews arrive but existing Jewish residents of city (Old Yeshuv) don't accept the Yemenite Jews the Yemenites dress differently, speak a different language, pray differently, and are the poorest.

Russia – Jewish doctor LEON PINSKER promotes a rise of Jewish political nationalism in his pamphlet 'Autoemancipation' which precipitates the founding of the proto-Zionist Hibbat Zion movement. (See 1897, Switzerland).

October: In Palestine – BEN-YEHUDA and YEHIEL MICHAL PINES (two of the earliest Jewish political Zionists in Palestine) write describing the indigenous Palestinians –

Vienna, Austria – With the help of THEODOR HERZL, a Jewish-National Party is formed and a Jewish Fraternity (“Kadimah”).

November 16-19: In Pittsburgh, USA – A meeting of Jewish Reform Rabbis called by KAUFMANN KOHLER of New York formulate their position as follows –

Germany elects its first Anti-Semitic deputy to parliament.
In Palestine – British captain WILSON conducts a more thorough survey of Jerusalem.
Jewish immigration to Palestine from Russia and eastern Europe begins for the creation of a Jewish national home.
In France – Catholic and royalist, writer and editor, ÉDOUARD DRUMONT, publishes his vitriolic anti-Semitic La France Juive. He sees Jews as spies, traitors and ridden with disease. 100,000 copies are sold it the first year. (See 1898).

In Vienna, Austria – GEORG RITTER RITTER VON SCHöNERER proposes a bill to restrict the immigration of Russian and Romanian Jews to Austria.

In Egypt – An Egyptian woman accidentally discovers the 'Amarna tablets' of diplomatic letters from 14th century BC Palestine that attest the presence there of the 'Habiru' (possibly the Hebrews).

The French Panama Canal Company collapses and is found to have misappropriated the money of many small investors. Many of the culprits are Jews, which gives impetus to anti-Semitism in France.
April 20: In Braunau-am-Inn, Austria – ADOLF HITLER is born at Salzburger Vorstadt 15. (See 1876).

In Germany – Four Anti-Semitic deputies are elected to parliament.
In Berlin, Germany – A 'Society to Resist anti-Semitism' is formed by non-Jews.
In Odessa – Jewish goldsmith ISRAEL ROUCHOMOWSKY begins supplying the art world with fake coins and necklaces made to look old. A gold helmet weighing more than 800 grams (1.75 pounds), which Rouchomowsky embellishes with scenes from the Greek Iliad and an inscription, is according to its fake inscription a gift from the Greek Black Sea colony of Olbia to the Scythian king Saitaphernes. The Louvre In Paris buys it for a record price of 200,000 francs. (The deception is discovered in 1903).

In Russia – Over 10,000 Jews are expelled from Moscow, and about 110,000 leave Russia to escape persecution.
In Palestine – Early Jewish zionist ASHER GUINSBERG (writing under the pseudonym Ahad Ha'am) "one of the people" visiting Palestine, gives this eye-witness account –

In Russia – About 137,000 Jews leave to escape persecution.
June 1: In France – Virulently anti-Jewish, ÉDOUARD DRUMONT, uses the dishonourable FERDINAND ESTERHAZY (who later confesses to his fraud against DREYFUS) as his witness in a duel with an offended Jewish French military officer.

March 26: In Germany – The 'Central Association of German Citizens of the Jewish Faith' is formed which rejects the idea of a Jewish nation and regards Judaism as exclusively as a religious community.
In Germany – The people elect sixteen anti-Semitic deputies to parliament.

In Germany – Anti-Semitic deputies are almost a majority in parliament.
In some German cities anti-Semitic students prevent Jewish scholars from lecturing.
Of the 600,000 Jews in Germany – about 6,000 are in agriculture; more than 130,000 in craft and industry; and about 40,000 are working for the civil service and in the independent professions.

December 21: In France – Jewish army captain, ALFRED DREYFUS, is convicted of treason in a 'rigged' trial which leads to a wave of French anti-Semitism. DREYFUS is publicly humiliated in the courtyard of the École Militaire where he is ritually degraded and his epaulettes torn from his uniform before a baying crowd. He is exiled to the notorious Devil's Island. After 12 years the discovery of cover-up and forgeries, as well as demonstrations for and against him in Paris, and EMILE ZOLA's 'J'Accus!', he is 'pardoned' and re-instated.
Against the background of German anti-Semitism, the degradation of DREYFUS is the final spur to THEODORE HERZL for a Zionist political solution, but he encounters, with exceptions, a general opposition from Jewish rabbis, intellectuals, wealthy Jews (and even his wife).

In Paris – THEODOR HERZL publishes 'The Jewish State' (Der Judenstaat), with the subtitle "Versuch einer modernen Lösung der Judenfrage", 'Proposal of a modern [political] solution for the Jewish question', calling for a Jewish National Home, primarily for private circulation –

HERZL is accused by Orthodox Jews of being a new Sabbatai Zevi, in that he is trying to take history into his own hands to hasten national redemption, acting in a way that the pious reserve for God.

January 23: In Point Douglas, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada – William Samuel Clouston Stanger is born to his widowed mother in poverty, later adopted by the Stephensen family next door, and still later is known to us in history as Sir WILLIAM STEPHENSON upon whose exploits the 'James Bond' stories of espionage are based. (June 21, 1940, UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill sends Stephenson to the United States to covertly establish and run British Security Coordination (BSC) in New York City, over a year before US entry into the war. Stephenson's influence with the US President later helps begin what became the CIA, and after WW2 he uncovers the Soviet Union's stealing of US nuclear secrets, so awakening the West to the Cold War.)

August 29-31: In Basel, Switzerland – THEODOR HERZL, with MAX SIMON NORDAU, attended by some 200 participants unites Jewish nationalist political sentiment in the First Zionist Congress, impregnating/contaminating the return-to-Zion religious ideal with political ideas from European nationalism. (See 1882 in Russia).

The development of the modern (Mishnaic) Hebrew language begins to be stimulated.

In Palestine – A delegation of the First Zionist Congress, sent to assess the viability of settling Palestine with persecuted European Jews, sends back a cabled report –

In Vienna, Austria – The Anti-Semitic KARL LUEGER is elected mayor in spite of opposition from the Emperor, but there is no indication that Jews suffered under his administration.

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