In France – Anti-Jewish demonstrations sweep Nantes, Bordeaux, Marseille and Besançon. Many synagogues and Jewish shops are sacked to the shouts of "Death to the Jews" and "La France aux Français" (France for the French).
Twenty-two anti-Jewish candidates are elected to the Chamber of Deputies, thirteen from rural and five from urban areas, and four (including DRUMONT, see 1886) from Algeria.
The international diplomacy of HERZL (see 1902) secures wide, yet uncommitted, political support for a Jewish homeland.
Second Jewish Zionist Congress convenes. Delegate WOLFFSON proposes the blue and white of Jewish prayer shawls as colours for the Zionist flag.
Britain alone becomes HERZL's 'fulcrum' ("Archimedean point") for the Zionist 'lever'. (See 1903).
In Germany – the state embarks on naval building programme: beginning of German 'world policy'.
In France – The Jesuit La Civita Catholica comments:

February 23: In France – EMILE ZOLA is convicted of libel for criticizing the French government over the Dreyfus Affair.

In Germany – Adoptive German, HOUSTON STEWART CHAMBERLAIN, in his 'Foundations of the Nineteenth Century' sketches vague terrifying visions of islands of civilization inhabited by pure-blooded Aryans, around whom swirl a racial chaos. (Eliminationist antisemitism is now consolidating its change from a primarily religious base to a combined economic and racial base).

In America – The Alumni Association of the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York City, USA, is formed, which in 1940 becomes the 'Rabbinical Assembly of America', the rabbinic arm of the United Synagogue of America (a federation of some 800 Conservative congregations, formed in 1913).

THEODOR HERZL publishes his novel Altneuland (Old-New Land), set 20 years in the future, in which he describes in detail the working of a liberal democratic Jewish state which includes a contented Arab population.

Turkey refuses independence for Palestine.
A massacre of Jews takes places in Kishinev, now Chisinau in Moldova.
In Graz, Austria – Jewish Pharmacologist OTTO LOEWI (1873–1961), who discovered acetylcholine, is appointed to the university of Graz. (He is awarded Austrian citizenship in 1905. He is arrested, along with two of his sons, on the night of the German invasion of Austria, March 11, 1938, but is released on condition that he "voluntarily" relinquish all his possessions to the Nazis. Loewi moves to the United States in 1940, where he becomes research professor at the New York University College of Medicine).
(Loewi's position at Graz University contradicts the argument against Hitler's Jewish ancestry which claims there were no Jews in Graz at this time).
In Britain – The government offers 6,000 square miles of uninhabited land in Uganda for Jewish settlement. (see 1905).
In Russia – Znamia newspaper first publishes the spurious "Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion" (abbreviated), produced by the Tsar's secret police and based on the satire of MAURICE JOLY on NAPOLEON III (1864), HERMAN GOEDSCHE's novel Biarritz (1868) and others, to justify the anti-Semitic actions of the Russian State (see 1921).

In Italy – King VICTOR IMMANUEL III tells THEODOR HERZL that –

"Jews may occupy any position, and they do. ...Jews for us are full-blown Italians."

In Britain – Secretary of State for the Colonies, JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN, remarks (to journalist, H. WICKMAN STEED) –

The government's 1903 offer of Uganda as a Jewish homeland expressed CHAMBERLAIN's own desire to rid Britain of its Jews.

Seventh Zionist Congress rejects the Uganda offer from Britain. (See 1903).
In Britain – Britain passes the Aliens Act, to curtail, principally Jewish, immigration from Eastern Europe.
In Odessa, Russia – more than 400 Jews are massacred in four days.
ITZHAK BEN-ZVI (born ISAAC SHIMSHELEVICH) helps form the Russian 'Poale Zion' (a socialistically oriented Zionist group).
In America – Irish-American HENRY FORD propagates his anti-Jewish sentiments in a series of articles in 'The Dearborn Independent' entitled 'The International Jew'.
In Manchester, UK – ISRAEL ZANGWILL, who had visited Palestine in 1897 states in a speech to a zionist group –

In Palestine – 'Hashomer' self-defense organization for Jewish agricultural settlements is formed.
In Russia – Meteorite explodes high over the Tunguska region of Siberia flattening a vast tract of forest. Meteoritic matter is found downwind, north-north-west, of the epicentre (Florensky 1962).

The first Hebrew high school in Palestine is formed in Jerusalem by ITZHAK BEN-ZVI.
In Vienna, Austria – The Jewish sports club Hakoah (הכח) Wien is formed by cabaret librettist (Kabarettist) FRITZ "Beda" LöHNER and dentist IGNAZ HERMAN KöRNER, which produces several Olympic athletes and became notable for fielding an entirely Jewish football team with players drawn from across Europe.

April 17 night: In Jerusalem – MONTAGU BROWNLOW PARKER attempts to dig for treasure in the cave of the Dome of the Rock; triggering many days of Muslim rioting in Jerusalem.

In Britain – A riot at Tredegar by railway workers attacks the small Jewish community.

May 11: Orthodox Jewish sages in Katowice found the Agudist movement to co-ordinate opposition to Zionist claims. Continuing pious opposition to Zionism pushes it more firmly into the hands of secular radicals.
In Germany – Anti-Semitism appears to decline and Jews make outstanding achievements – 8 Nobel prizes (in medicine, chemistry and physics) before the First World War.
HERMAN COHEN, Professor of Philosophy at Marburg, argues that, of modern nations, Germany was the one where reason and religious feeling were easiest reconciled because its respect for pure religion and its ethical humanism had been 'anticipated' by Jewish history. (How wrong can you be?).
In England – WINSTON CHURCHILL opens the First International Congress of Eugenics in London.

June 28: Archduke FRANZ-FERDINAND and his wife SOPHIE are shot dead by GAVRILO PRINCIP in Sarajevo.
In Germany and Austria – Most Jews join in enthusiastic support for war.
In Palestine – The Jewish population has grown to c.90,000, of which 13,000 are settlers living in 43 agricultural settlements.
The Jehovah's Witnesses' predicted return of the CHRIST fails.
In Paris, France – Over half the Jewish population of the city are non-citizens as a result of immigration (mostly from Poland). Jewish immigrant communities are Yiddish speaking Ashkenazim (mostly), and also Ladino (Spanish-Jewish) or Chuadit (Portugese-Jewish) Sephardim, live in the Pletzel (the third and fourth districts of the city), and are generally more radical politically than French Jews.

In Palestine – IZTHAK BEN-ZVI is exiled by the Turks and travels to the USA where, with DAVID BEN-GURION, he founds the Jewish Legion to fight with Britain against Germany and Turkey in Palestine.
In Egypt – Under British Captain TRUMPLDOR, refugees from Palestine are organized as the Zion Mule Corps to fight the Turks, under the Mogen David blue and white ensign.
The British War Office allows JABOTINSKY to form 'The Jewish Regiment' (later known as The Judeans) – the 38th and 39th Royal Fusiliers, under this Jewish flag. Most eligible Palestinian Jews enlist in these "Jewish Battalions", against the opposition of non-Zionist Jews.
November 22: A lead article in British newspaper 'Manchester Guardian' states that Palestine must be created as a Jewish Nation to act as a buffer state to protect Egypt and the Suez Canal against Turkish aggression, and concludes –

"...on the realization of that condition depends the whole future of the British Empire as a sea empire."

The SYKES-PICOT Agreement of allied forces places Palestine under international control, but France later agrees to British control.
In Etaples, France – First recorded outbreak (The Lancet) of the Spanish Flu. (See 1918).
In Germany – The War Office orders a census of Jews serving at the front.

April: The British War Department issues a statement of War Aims in the Near East: that the Jewish population present and future throughout Palestine is to possess and enjoy full national, political and civic rights:

November 2: British Balfour Declaration letter to Lord Rothschild –

This Declaration is motivated by British desire for continued Russian support against Germany in the war, in the belief that much of the Communist revolution's leadership in that country is Jewish, and supported in particularly by American Jews.
December 9: A British force under General ALLENBY takes Jerusalem from the Turks, and British rule in Palestine begins.

In England – King GEORGE V successfully pressurizes his government to deny asylum to his cousin, Tsar NICHOLAS and the Russian royal family. (The family are consequently assassinated by the Bolsheviks).
September 19: In Palestine – General ALLENBY defeats a Turkish army at Megiddo, ending Turkish Ottoman power in Palestine.
In Germany – German Jews earn 31,500 Iron Crosses in the First World War fighting against Britain and France (1914-18).
In France – 40,000 French Jews have participated in the First World War. 3,800 receive citations from the French government (1914-1918).
World-wide: The 'Spanish' flu virus spreads throughout the world, killing an estimated 40 million  (20 million in India; 112,329 in England). In Alaska 95% of the population die in some centres.
In Palestine – The British military governor orders all new buildings in Jerusalem to be clad in stone.
CHAIM WEIZMANN lays the foundation stone for the Hebrew University on Mt. Scopus supported by the Muslim Mufti (Wakf).

November 10: In Germany – ALBERT BALLIN, a practicing Jew, who had built up Imperial Germany's merchant fleet (HARPAG), commits suicide the day after Germany's KAISER flees to Holland, unable to copy with the collapse of Imperial Germany.
11: The First World War ends. ADOLF HITLER, while recovering in a sanatorium from mustard gas poisoning, hears voices instructing him that the source of all evil is the Jew.
• In Jerusalem, Palestine – JUDAH LEON MAGNES, ALBERT EINSTEIN and CHAIM WEIZMANN establish the Hebrew University.

August: All Jewish religious communities in Russia are dissolved, their property confiscated, almost all synagogues are shut down, and the study of Hebrew is banned.
September: In Germany – ADOLF HITLER joins the Nazi Party (National-socialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei).
In Germany – Papal Nuncio PACELLI (later Pope PIUS XII) caricatures the Munich Soviet republic as a Jewish plot, in a letter to the pope. (His letters to German bishops also reveal his anti-Semitism).
In New York, America – under Prohibition, 50% of illegal bootleggers are Jewish, compared to 25% Italian.

In Palestine – ITZHAK BEN-ZVI helps create Histadrut, the 'General Federation of Labour'.
In Germany – ADOLF HITLER begins using terms such as 'extirpation', 'annihilation' and 'extermination' in relation to the Jews. He blames the situation of Germany at the end of the First World War on an international Jewish conspiracy. He refers to the Jews as a 'plague', an 'epidemic', 'germ carriers', a 'harmful bacillus', a 'cancer' and as 'maggots'.
April: In Palestine – Under the British Governor and anti-Jewish General LOUIS BOLS, an anti-Jewish Arab pogrom in Jerusalem massacres and rapes in the Jewish Quarter. British troops surround the city on BOLS' instruction and prevent Jewish 'Self-Defence' members from going to the aid of Jews under attack.
April 19-26: The international San Remo Conference, to decide on the future of Ottoman Turkish Empire former territories, accepts the 1917 British Balfour Declaration as international policy.
In Germany – HITLER's Nazi Party accepts, as policy, the stripping of all Jews of citizenship, and all who entered Germany after 1914 are to be deported.
July 1: In Palestine – Fairminded Sir HERBERT SAMUEL (Jewish) is appointed by Britain as its High Commissioner for Palestine.
Britain accepts the Mandate for Iraq from the League of Nations, combining the Ottoman provinces of Basra, Baghdad and Mosul, to develop it toward independence.
August 13: In Germany – HITLER, in a public speech entitled 'Why Are We Antisemites' declares that healthy elements of a nation know that –

August 26: In France – LOUIS DARQUIER (DE PELLEPOIX) explains in his publication La Vieille France that

PHILIP GRAVES of the London Times exposes the fraudulent nature of the so-called "Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion" that has stimulated much anti-Semitism. (see 1903).
February 17: In America – HENRY FORD comments on these "Protocols" –

March: In Cairo – Prozionist British Colonial Secretary, WINSTON CHURCHILL, at the Middle East conference, promotes the idea of parallel development of Arab and Jewish communities in Palestine.
April: In Palestine – Hysterical rioting by Arabs in Jerusalem, Jaffa and other towns of Palestine murder and pillage Jews in protest against increased Jewish immigration.
May 5: In Palestine – Jewish settlement of Petach Tikvah is attacked by several thousand Arabs from the neighbouring villages, Kfar Saba is destroyed and Rehovoth and Hedera are badly damaged (95 Jews killed, 290 wounded). The complicity of local British officials is widely suspected.
British High Commissioner SAMUEL immediately instructs the governor of Jaffa to suspend all (Jewish) immigration to Palestine. An official investigation later blames the bloodshed on the provocation of "Bolshevik Jews" who held May Day demonstrations.
July: In Germany – ADOLF HITLER becomes president of the Nazi Party with unlimited powers.
September: In Palestine – Britain promulgates a constitution to establish a Palestinian State based on expected co-operation between Arabs and Jews, but British concessions to Zionism cause the refusal of Arab agreement and the plan fails.

In Germany – Jewish Foreign Minister WALTHER RATHENAU is murdered in Berlin by nationalists.
June: Palestine High Commissioner HERBERT SAMUEL submits proposals which reinterpret the Balfour Declaration to limit Zionist participation in Palestine; which is taken up in CHURCHILL's White Paper.
July 11: In Britain – Secretary of State for the Colonies WINSTON CHURCHILL declares in parliament concerning Arab claims to Palestine – "No pledges were made to Palestine Arabs in 1915" when presenting his White Paper confirming Palestine as a Jewish national home.
July 24: The League of Nations approves British Mandate for implementation of Balfour Declaration – in spite of Arab resistance, on condition that it is not implemented before resolution of the conflict between France and Italy over the Syria Mandate. (see 1917).
In Palestine – The population changes in Jerusalem city since 1800 indicate the increasing attention of Jews to the city resulting in a majority for the Jewish population.

In Jerusalem – The British create the Supreme Muslim Council as the Muslim religious authority in the British Mandate of Palestine and appoints AMIN AL-HUSAYNI (1895-1974) as the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem. (Dismissed 1936).
December 31: The British census of Palestine reports 757,000 inhabitants of which 663,000 are Arab (590,000 Muslim Arabs and 73,000 Christian Arabs) and 83,000 Jews. (That is: 87.58% Arabs and 12.42% Jews).

November: In Munich, Germany – Nazi Party uprising against the elected German government.
ADOLF HITLER orders a raid on a Jewish printing house by armed Storm Division troops, who, by threat of violence, steal 14.5 billion marks.
In Palestine – As no constitutional state in Palestine could be formed, the British government continues direct rule but encourages participation of both Arabs and Jews by offering each an 'agency'.
The Jewish community accepts and the Jewish Agency is formed, but the Arabs refuse.

In Germany – ADOLF HITLER is tried and sentenced for his role in the 1923 Nazi uprising.
In America – The Rabbinical Council of the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations (English speaking) is formed. (In 1930 its name changes to 'Rabbinical Council of America', after merging with the Rabbinical Association of the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary (subsequently Yeshiva University) in New York City, USA. The Alumni Association of Hebrew Theological College, Chicago (subsequently in Skokie, Illinois) joins the council in 1943. This council supervises the manufacture of kosher foods in America.)
In Detroit the Jewish "Purple Gang" run 'protection' rackets and smuggle liquor in exploitation of the American prohibition.
In Virginia, USA – A law is passed allowing compulsory sterilization of persons deemed undesirable, according to the (Nazi) philosophy of 'eugenics'.
A further 29 US states follow suite. (Repealed in Virginia in 1979, after c.8,000 state citizens had been forcibly sterilized).
Near Ramallah, Palestine – NABIHA NASIR starts an elementary school for girls in Birzeit and its surrounding villages. It becomes Birzeit High School in 1932, and Birzeit College in 1942.
It later developes into Birzeit University. (The university's president, Hanna Nasser, was deported by Israel in 1974 and only allowed to return with the beginning of the peace process in 1993).

October 5-16: In Switzerland – The Locarno Conference, intended to rescue Germany from its post-war pariah status, opens the boundaries of half of Europe to revision (a cause of the Second World War). The seven pacts include mutual guarantees of the Franco- German and Belgian-German borders, and opens the way for Germany to join the League of Nations. Signatories are Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, and Italy.
In Palestine – The Jewish population reaches 108,000.
Lord PLUMER becomes High Commissioner and is more able to suppress agitation against the Jewish population.
In Germany – HITLER publishes his 'Mein Kampf'.

In Germany – Bishop OTTO DIBELIUS, of the Evangelical Church, proposes the elimination of all Jews from Germany by prohibiting Jewish immigration so that the breed would die out naturally. (See April 1933).
Spring: Syrian ploughman accidentally discovers the ruins of Ugarit. The find produces a rich supply of Semitic literature from the 15th century BC, revealing much of the cultural background to the Mosaic laws and Canaanite/Hebrew language.
March 28: In Russia – The Presidium of the General Executive Committee of the USSR passed the decree "On the attaching for Komzet ('Committee for the Settlement of Toiling/Working Jews on the Land') of free territory near the Amur River in the Far East for settlement of the working Jews." (See 1934).
JOHN CHANCELLOR becomes High Commissioner of Palestine.

"The wandering Jew wanders no more. Our movies move at his command, he creates the songs for a nation. From Poland, from Russia, from Germany, from Austria, he comes to Park Avenue via Garment Centre, via Tin Pan Alley, via Hollywood. Even the sacred edifices of banking and the sacrosanct mysteries of Wall Street have been penetrated. With a joyous zest he invades the dwelling places of the elect. He talks business on the finest fairways, his plump and oriental women disport themselves on the sunniest beaches, his children enter the hallowed halls of learning. He is home at last." (Hillier 1968, p.86).

August 16: An officially approved Muslim militant demonstration in Jerusalem burns Jewish religious books.
Muslim agitators begin touring Palestine on behalf of the Jerusalem Mufti, Amin al-Husayni, calling for action against Jews on the 23rd.
The Government of Palestine orders the disarming of Jews to prevent reprisals and establishes a commission of enquiry under Sir WALTER SHAW.

August 23 Friday: Attacks on Jews in Palestine escalate to massacres in Mea Shearim and the Georgian Quarters of Jerusalem and in other areas such as Hebron and Safed over the next eight days.
In Jerusalem – In the village of Silwan, Arab families protect Jews. The Jews of Silwan later write a letter of gratitude for their protection during this time –

In Hebron – In the face of official indifference to their plight, some Jews are saved by friendly local Arab families.

"If Germany were to have a birth rate of a million children a year, and put away seven or eight hundred thousand of the weakest [70-80%], then the end result might even be a net increment in strength"

"In the name of Allah the Merciful... We have assembled with the notables of the Jewish community in the house of his Eminence the Great Mufti, Sheikh Abd al-Selim Effendi Tabri, and have taken counsel on the preservation of peace and order. We have resolved that both sides shall urge and warn their respective communities to maintain peace and quiet. We therefore proclaim that we vehemently oppose every action which disturbs the peace of the population, and we pray to God the Omnipotent to inspire us with His will. We warn our brothers that they must maintain the peace and go about their work, for that alone is useful. Let them keep far from ways which are illegal and are not desired by the community. Let them keep far from quarrels, for Allah detests the quarrelsome..."

"if we cannot find ways of peace and understanding, if the only way of establishing the Jewish National Home is upon the bayonets of some Empire, our whole enterprise is not worthwhile, and it is better that the Eternal People that has outlived many a mighty empire should possess its soul in patience ...It is one of the great civilizing tasks before the Jewish people to enter the promised land, not in the Joshua way, but bringing peace and culture, hard work and sacrifice and love, and a determination to do nothing that cannot be justified before the conscience of the world." (emphasis mine).

"It would have seemed more sensible to me to establish a Jewish homeland on a less historically burdened land. But I know that such a rational viewpoint would never have gained the enthusiasm of the masses and the financial support of the wealthy. I concede with sorrow that the baseless fanaticism of our people is in part to be blamed for the awakening of Arab distrust. I can raise no sympathy at all for the misdirected piety which transforms a piece of Herodian wall into a national relic, thereby offending the feelings of the natives."

August 20: In Russia – The General Executive Committee of RSFSR accepts the decree "On formation of the Birobidzhan national region in the structure of the Far Eastern Territory". (See 1934 'Jewish Autonomous Territory).

November 30: The British Cabinet accepts the Hope-Simpson report on Palestine to curtail Jewish immigration and purchase of land.

In Palestine – HAIM [CHAIM] MARGALIUT[MARGOLIS]-KALVARYSKI (Director of Jewish Colonies [as per his unclaimed Greek insurance policy, and living in Nazareth, Turquie D'Asie] and head of the Joint Bureau of Jewish Public Bodies formed to coordinate relations with the Arabs following the 1929 Palestine riots) submits a proposal to the World Zionist Organization for an agreed covenant between Arabs and Jews of Palestine, saying –

February: The British Prime Minister states that continued Jewish immigration –

April: In Palestine – The Jewish Zionist military [terrorist] movement Irgun (HaIrgun HaTzva'i HaLe'umi BeEretz Yisra'el) is founded.
Lieutenant-general ARTHUR GRENFELL WAUCHOPE becomes British High Commissioner of Palestine.

July: In Germany – ADOLF HITLER secures only 37% of the vote.
November: In Germany – HITLER secures only 33% of the vote.
December: In Germany – General KURT von SCHLEICHER is appointed Chancellor.
ALBERT EINSTEIN leaves Germany in anticipation of the Nazi rise to power.
In the Soviet Union – Across central Asia the cruel economic policies of the Soviet Union begins a famine which causes the deaths of millions of Ukrainians, Russians, Kazakhs and other nationalities in the USSR by the end of 1933. The famine victims are estimated at 6-8 million.

In Italy – MUSSOLINI rejects antisemitism – "Jews have acted well as citizens of Italy and as soldiers have fought courageously".