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— God's Priest of Midian —
father-in-law, the 'Priest of Midian', is referred to in the Hebrew Bible as 'his excellence' (jethro) and as the 'friend of God' (reu-el). Used interchangeably, these names describe an exceptional person whose influence on Moses has long been underestimated. Jethro's influential relationship is indicated in the Bible's record as –
| • | A person before whom Moses prostrates himself in greeting (Ex.18:7); |
| • | A non-Israelite who leads the leaders of Israel in their worship of God at Sinai (Ex.18:12); |
| • | A non-Israelite who completely restructures Israel's administration by his wise counsel (Ex.18:17-26). |
This is the man with whom Moses had spent forty years, from age 40 to age 80, and whose permission he first obtained before his return to Egypt to carry out God's instruction.
forty years before Israel's Exodus, Moses had put himself into voluntary exile from Egypt – rather than side with Pharaoh against his birth people.
As the dominant regional power, most of Egypt's neighbours were not a place to flee to, so he journeyed further on to Midian. The Bible describes Moses' choice in these words –
| "Having become great ['megas'], Moses by faith refused to be called the son of Pharaoh's daughter, ...By faith he left Egypt, not fearing the wrath of the king, for he endured as seeing Him who is invisible." |
forty years later an 80-year-old Moses returns to Egypt, equipped with more than the royal education its wise
men had endowed him or its military disciplines had imparted before his departure.
His burning-bush experience in Sinai had commissioned him, but Moses' great respect for his priestly father-in-law meant that he needed his blessing to go:
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"Moses went back to Jethro his father-in-law and said to him, 'Please let me go back to my brothers in Egypt to see whether they are still alive'. And Jethro said to Moses, 'Go in peace'. And the LORD said to Moses in Midian, 'Go back to Egypt, for all the men who were seeking your life are dead'." |
it is from within the Jethro-context of Moses' life that God commissioned him to lead Israel –
| "Moses kept the flock of his father-in-law Jethro, the priest of Midian ...And he came to the mountain of God, to Horeb." |
This commissioning context is very important even though Moses is returning to do what he felt called to do in Egypt those forty years before (Acts 7:25).
Apart from Jethro's priestly example, what lasting value could God have intended Moses to receive in those forty long years in such a radically different Midianite culture from his Egyptian background?
There are two significant possibilities – our Bible books of Job and Genesis.
by its language and content, appears to predate Israel's Exodus and Sinai covenant – predate Moses' call to lead his people.
Job himself lived in the land of Uz, the territory of Edom (Lam. 4:21) – the descendants of Esau, son of Isaac – which borders on Midian. Job was not an Israelite.
Who wrote his book, and how did it come to be part of Israel's holy scriptures?
rich with detail from long before Moses, has two elements in the structure of its text which point to the use of pre-existing material in Moses' inspired composition of this book – the toledot headings and the poetic word-sets (see below).
Where and how did this material come into his hands?
The toledot headings are the style used in clay tablets, very un-Egyptian, but very familiar to other cultures
such as Midian from their contact with the use of the same in Sumerian clay-tablet writings. The word-rhythms sets draw their impact from the semitic language rhythm, in which Midian also shared. Certainly, some of these later word-rhythm sets were passed on through the God-fearing individuals among Israel in Egypt, but the much older and often shorter sets probably came through the more stable source represented in Jethro the priest and his godly associates.
During the thirty-eight-year delay in the desert of Israel's migration, as the adults of that generation died out by God's judgment, Moses – literate, educated, useful to God and inspired – was certainly not idle. In these years the rich legacy of his forty years with Jethro, sanctified by the Holy Spirit, would have become material to a literary construction more wonderful than the Tabernacle at Sinai; the beginnings of Holy Scripture, unparalleled and forever the gift of God to His people in all generations!
God that the bitter pill of voluntary exile, because his very own people had distrusted him (Ex.2:14), brought Moses to a godly source whose benefits, by God's wisdom, still reach us today!
Genesis Study Text
'toledot' = generations/history/genealogy/account (from תּולדה)
