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Our Solar System
Saturn
Statistics of the Ringed Planets
    Jupiter    Saturn    Uranus    Neptune  
Mass (kg)    1.90x1027   5.688ex1026   8.686ex1025   1.024x1026  
Mass (Earth = 1)   3.1794e+02   9.5181e+01   1.4535e+01   1.7135e+01  
Equatorial radius (km)   71,492   60,268   25,559   24,746  
Equatorial radius (Earth = 1)   1.1209e+01   9.4494e+00   4.0074   3.8799e+00  
Mean density (gm/cm^3)   1.33   0.69   1.29   1.64  
Mean distance from the Sun (km)   778,330,000   1,429,400,000   2,870,990,000   4,504,300,000  
Mean distance from the Sun (Earth = 1)    5.2028   9.5388   19.1914   30.0611  
Rotational period (hours)   0.41354   10.233   17.9   16.11  
Orbital period (years)   4332.71   29.458   84.01   164.79  
Mean orbital velocity (km/sec)   13.07   9.67   6.81   5.45  
Orbital eccentricity   0.0483   0.0560   0.0461   0.0097  
Tilt of axis (degrees)   3.13   25.33   97.86   29.56  
Orbital inclination (degrees)   1.308   2.488   0.774   1.774  
Equatorial surface gravity (m/sec^2)   22.88   9.05   7.77   11.00  
Equatorial escape velocity (km/sec)   59.56   35.49   21.30   23.50  
Visual geometric albedo   0.52   0.47   0.51   0.41  
Magnitude (Vo)   -2.70   0.67   5.52   7.84  
Mean cloud temperature   - 121°C   -125°C   -193°C   -193 to -153°C  
Atmospheric pressure (bars)   0.7   1.4   1.2   1-3  
Atmospheric composition                  
Hydrogen   90%   97%   83%   74%  
Helium   10%   3%   15%   25%  
Methane   .07%   .05%   2%   1%  
  Jupiter's Rings NASA Fact Sheet
 
Unlike Saturn's intricate and complex ring patterns, Jupiter has a simple ring system that is composed of an inner halo, a main ring and a Gossamer ring. To the Voyager spacecraft, the Gossamer ring appeared to be a single ring, but Galileo imagery provided the unexpected discovery that Gossamer is really two rings. One ring is embedded within the other. The rings are very tenuous and are composed of dust particles kicked up as interplanetary meteoroids smash into Jupiter's four small inner moons Metis, Adrastea, Thebe, and Amalthea. Many of the particles are microscopic in size.
 
 
The innermost halo ring is toroidal in shape and extends radially from about 92,000 kilometres (57,000 miles) to about 122,500 kilometres (76,000 miles) from Jupiter's centre. It is formed as fine particles of dust from the main ring's inner boundary 'bloom' outward as they fall toward the planet. The main and brightest ring extends from the halo boundary out to about 128,940 kilometres (80,000 miles) or just inside the orbit of Adrastea. Close to the orbit of Metis, the main ring's brightness decreases.
 
 
The two faint Gossamer rings are fairly uniform in nature. The innermost Amalthea Gossamer ring extends from the orbit of Adrastea out to the orbit of Amalthea at 181,000 kilometres (112,000 miles) from Jupiter's centre. The fainter Thebe Gossamer ring extends from Amalthea's orbit out to about Thebe's orbit at 221,000 kilometres (136,000 miles).
 
 
Jupiter's rings and moons exist within an intense radiation belt of electrons and ions trapped in the planet's magnetic field. These particles and fields comprise the Jovian magnetosphere or magnetic environment, which extends 3 to 7 million kilometres (1.9 to 4.3 million miles) toward the Sun, and stretches in a windsock shape at least as far as Saturn's orbit - a distance of 750 million kilometres (466 million miles).
 
  Saturn's Rings NASA Fact Sheet
 
Saturn's ring system makes the planet one of the most beautiful objects in the solar system. The rings are split into a number of different parts, which include the bright A and B rings and a fainter C ring.
 
 
The ring system has various gaps. The most notable gap is the Cassini Division, which separates the A and B rings. Giovanni Cassini discovered this division in 1675. The Encke Division, which splits the A Ring, is named after Johann Encke, who discovered it in 1837. Space probes have shown that the main rings are really made up of a large number of narrow ringlets.
 
 
The origin of the rings is obscure. It is thought that the rings may have been formed from larger moons that were shattered by impacts of comets and meteoroids.
 
 
The ring composition is not known for certain, but the rings do show a significant amount of water. They may be composed of icebergs and/or snowballs from a few centimetres to a few meters in size. Much of the elaborate structure of some of the rings is due to the gravitational effects of nearby satellites. This phenomenon is demonstrated by the relationship between the F-ring and two small moons that shepherd the ring material.
 
 
Radial, spoke-like features in the broad B-ring were also found by the Voyagers. The features are believed to be composed of fine, dust-size particles. The spokes were observed to form and dissipate in the time-lapse images taken by the Voyagers. While electrostatic charging may create spokes by levitating dust particles above the ring, the exact cause of the formation of the spokes is not well understood.
 
  Uranus' Rings NASA fact Sheet
 
Uranus' rings are distinctly different from those of Jupiter and Saturn. The outermost epsilon ring is composed mostly of ice boulders several feet across. A very tenuous distribution of fine dust also seems to be spread throughout the ring system.
 
 
There may be a large number of narrow rings, or possibly incomplete rings or ring arcs, as small as 50 meters (160 feet) in width. The individual ring particles were found to be of low reflectivity. At least one ring, the epsilon, was found to be gray in colour. The moons Cordelia and Ophelia act as shepherd satellites for the epsilon ring.
 
 
Neptune's Rings
NASA Fact Sheet
 
Neptune has a set of four rings which are narrow and very faint. The rings are made up of dust particles thought to have been made by tiny meteorites smashing into Neptune's moons. From ground based telescopes the rings appear to be arcs but from Voyager 2 the arcs turned out to be bright spots or clumps in the ring system. The exact cause of the bright clumps is unknown.
 
  To be continued . . .  
 
The Great Flood  Probable Cause  
 
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